Author(s): Riyaz Kaba, Aziz Momin
The pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation is driven by three key elements: an electrical trigger for arrhythmia initiation, an arrhythmogenic substrate for its maintenance and factors which may modulate the condition. A hybrid epicardial-endocardial approach, particularly the minimally invasive Convergent hybrid technique, to isolate pulmonary veins and silence the left atrial posterior wall is likely to provide improved outcomes.
